Invariant Scattering Transform for Medical Imaging

Over the years, the Invariant Scattering Transform (IST) technique has become popular for medical image analysis, including using wavelet transform computation using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to capture patterns' scale and orientation in the input signal. IST aims to be invariant to transformations that are common in medical images, such as translation, rotation, scaling, and deformation, used to improve the performance in medical imaging applications such as segmentation, classification, and registration, which can be integrated into machine learning algorithms for disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment planning. Additionally, combining IST with deep learning approaches has the potential to leverage their strengths and enhance medical image analysis outcomes. This study provides an overview of IST in medical imaging by considering the types of IST, their application, limitations, and potential scopes for future researchers and practitioners

Defect Analysis of 3D Printed Cylinder Object Using Transfer Learning Approaches

Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining attention across various industries like healthcare, aerospace, and automotive. However, identifying defects early in the AM process can reduce production costs and improve productivity - a key challenge. This study explored the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) approaches, specifically transfer learning (TL) models, for defect detection in 3D-printed cylinders. Images of cylinders were analyzed using models including VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, ResNet101, InceptionResNetV2, and MobileNetV2. Performance was compared across two datasets using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. In the first study, VGG16, InceptionResNetV2, and MobileNetV2 achieved perfect scores. In contrast, ResNet50 had the lowest performance, with an average F1-score of 0.32. Similarly, in the second study, MobileNetV2 correctly classified all instances, while ResNet50 struggled with more false positives and fewer true positives, resulting in an F1-score of 0.75. Overall, the findings suggest certain TL models like MobileNetV2 can deliver high accuracy for AM defect classification, although performance varies across algorithms. The results provide insights into model optimization and integration needs for reliable automated defect analysis during 3D printing. By identifying the top-performing TL techniques, this study aims to enhance AM product quality through robust image-based monitoring and inspection

Clinical Assessment of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Hearing Aids and Digital Wireless Phones

Research studies have shown that digital wireless phones interact with some hearing aids, creating a buzzing noise that may reduce speech intelligibility. Interference signals for three phone technologies were generated at five sound pressure levels (35 dB, 45 dB, 55 dB, 65 dB, and 75 dB) and mixed with speech at 65 dB SPL to test the speech intelligibility of 24 hearing-impaired people. A “No Noise” condition was also tested. Scores for the TDMA-217 Hz phone signal at low speech-to-noise ratios (<10 dB) were significantly lower than those for CDMA and TDMA-50 Hz at the same level. The CDMA and TDMA-50 Hz phone signals had a similar effect on speech intelligibility. Speech intelligibility scores at speech-to-noise ratios of 20 dB and 30 dB were similar to those for the “No Noise” condition. The articulation index represented the best index for predicting the impact of wireless phone interference on speech intelligibility.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Development, testing and plant trails of single reagent system for coal flotation

Flotation is an important means of upgrading the fine fraction of raw coal, typically particles finer than 0.5 mm. Due to increased use of highly mechanized mining techniques large quantities of fines (< 0.5 mm) are being generated. These fines presently account for approximately 20–30% of the total plant feed. More than 140 million tones of fine coals are beneficiated by flotation worldwide annually. In coal flotation, reagents are required to enhance the hydrophobicity of coal surface. In addition to hydrophobic character, the selectivity, proper froth structure, stability and less sensitive to water chemistry are important. Water insoluble hydrocarbons are widely used as collectors in coal flotation. These collectors are basically non-polar oils like diesel, kerosene, etc. along with some frothers. Thus, it is necessary to add collector and frother separately in coal flotation. It is generally accepted that in coal flotation a single reagent system is more advantageous than the present practice of two reagent system. National Metallurgical Laboratory is involved in the flotation of coal fines using alternative single collector systems to developed specially replace fuel oils and frothers. For this purpose NML has entered into an agreement with M/s Somu Organo-Chem Pvt. Ltd. (SOCPL) Bangalore, a leading reagent manufacturer. Under this collaboration M/s SOCPL developed reagents and NML evaluated their selectivity index and application in coal flotation. Among many reagents developed and evaluated one best reagent was selected and full scale plant trails were conducted. The paper deals with the results obtained with several reagents in the laboratory and the plant trails

Eco Friendly and Cost-Effective Reagent for Coal Flotation

Conventionally, diesel in combination with a frother is used widely in flotation of coal fines. With the continuous price escalation of petroleum products and their negative impact on environment, attempts were made to formulate an eco-friendly single reagent to replace diesel-frother system without affecting the flotation performance. Laboratory flotation tests were carried out, on a coking coal sample from eastern India, that analyzed 25.67% ash and 53.97% fixed carbon using a series of reagents developed. Among them, the performance of Sokem 590C derived from a vegetable oil was found to be encouraging. Concentrate assaying 11.77% ash and 66.40% fixed carbon was obtained with yield of 56.57%. Moreover, the reagent is biodegradable and eco friendly. Based on favorable kinetics and encouraging test results, plant trials were conducted at a coal preparation plant and the superiority of this reagent was demonstrated

Single reagent for coal flotation

Froth flotation is widely used for the beneficiation of fine coal and collectors are important for the effective separation in flotation. Conventionally, diesel in combination with a commercial frother is used in most of the coal washeries. With the escalating costs of petroleum products and their negative impact on environment, attempts were made to formulate an eco-friendly single reagent to replace diesel-frother system without hindering the flotation process performance. NML-Madras Centre in collaboration with M/s Somu Organo Chem Pvt Ltd, has been working on the formulation and evaluation of flotation reagents. Laboratory flotation tests were carried out using series of single reagents on a coking coal sample from Jharia region in the eastern part of India with an ash content of 24.9%. The best among the single reagents, Sokem 590C, yielded a float of 56.57% at 13.97% ash in the bench scale laboratory test. Based on encouraging results of flotation tests and kinetics studies, plant trials were conducted at a coal preparation plant in eastern India. The results of plant trials using this single reagent, Sokem 590C, are highly encouraging and economical as compared to diesel-frother system and this single reagent is non-petroleum based and biodegradable

A Slope-Based Method for Least Cost Tolerance Allocation

In this paper, a new methodology is presented to solve the tolerance allocation-process selection problem simultaneously The prob lem is modeled using discrete and continuous variables and is transformed into a model with only continuous variables by defining an efficient tolerance-cost curve for each component Since the efficient tolerance-cost curve is neither convex nor concave, nonlinear programming method ologies cannot be directly applied The tolerance-cost curve is piecewise linearly approximated and an efficient methodology is developed to solve the problem The method starts with a solution which minimizes the objective function value but is not feasible The infeasibility is iteratively reduced in a way that the increase in the objective function value is minimal Computational analysis indicates that the method is very robust and requires negligible CPU timeYeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Single reagent for graphite flotation

Generally, diesel and frother are used as reagents in graphite flotation. With the escalating cost of petroleum products and their negative impact on environment, attempts are made to formulate an eco-friendly single reagent to replace the diesel-frother system without affecting the flotation performance. CSIR-NML Madras Centre in collaboration with M/s Somu Organo Chem Pvt Ltd., India, has worked out the formulation and evaluation of single reagent on a low grade graphite ore sourced from eastern India. The petrography studies indicate that the ore primarily consists of quartz and graphite with minor quantity of mica and analyzing 87.85% ash content. The ore is crushed in stages followed by primary coarse wet grinding to 242 µm (d80). Rougher flotation is carried out in Denver flotation cell with a view to eliminate gangue as much as possible in the form of primary tailings with minimal loss of carbon. Regrinding of rougher concentrate to 216 µm (d80) is opted to improve the liberation of graphite values. This approach involving a primary coarse grinding and regrinding of rougher float followed by multi-stage cleaning using this single reagent is found to yield better recovery and grade when compared with that of the dual reagent system. A final concentrate of 12.03% weight recovery with 3.22% ash could be achieved. Based on encouraging laboratory studies using the single reagent, plant trials were carried out. From the cost benefit analysis, this single reagent proves to be an economically viable in place of diesel-frother for processing low grade graphite

Genomic distance entrained clustering and regression modelling highlights interacting genomic regions contributing to proliferation in breast cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Genomic copy number changes and regional alterations in epigenetic states have been linked to grade in breast cancer. However, the relative contribution of specific alterations to the pathology of different breast cancer subtypes remains unclear. The heterogeneity and interplay of genomic and epigenetic variations means that large datasets and statistical data mining methods are required to uncover recurrent patterns that are likely to be important in cancer progression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We employed ridge regression to model the relationship between regional changes in gene expression and proliferation. Regional features were extracted from tumour gene expression data using a novel clustering method, called genomic distance entrained agglomerative (GDEC) clustering. Using gene expression data in this way provides a simple means of integrating the phenotypic effects of both copy number aberrations and alterations in chromatin state. We show that regional metagenes derived from GDEC clustering are representative of recurrent regions of epigenetic regulation or copy number aberrations in breast cancer. Furthermore, detected patterns of genomic alterations are conserved across independent oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer datasets. Sequential competitive metagene selection was used to reveal the relative importance of genomic regions in predicting proliferation rate. The predictive model suggested additive interactions between the most informative regions such as 8p22-12 and 8q13-22.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Data-mining of large-scale microarray gene expression datasets can reveal regional clusters of co-ordinate gene expression, independent of cause. By correlating these clusters with tumour proliferation we have identified a number of genomic regions that act together to promote proliferation in ER+ breast cancer. Identification of such regions should enable prioritisation of genomic regions for combinatorial functional studies to pinpoint the key genes and interactions contributing to tumourigenicity.</p

Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-18 : a geospatial modelling study

Background More than 3 billion people do not have access to clean energy and primarily use solid fuels to cook. Use of solid fuels generates household air pollution, which was associated with more than 2 million deaths in 2019. Although local patterns in cooking vary systematically, subnational trends in use of solid fuels have yet to be comprehensively analysed. We estimated the prevalence of solid-fuel use with high spatial resolution to explore subnational inequalities, assess local progress, and assess the effects on health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) without universal access to clean fuels.Methods We did a geospatial modelling study to map the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking at a 5 km x 5 km resolution in 98 LMICs based on 2.1 million household observations of the primary cooking fuel used from 663 population-based household surveys over the years 2000 to 2018. We use observed temporal patterns to forecast household air pollution in 2030 and to assess the probability of attaining the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target indicator for clean cooking. We aligned our estimates of household air pollution to geospatial estimates of ambient air pollution to establish the risk transition occurring in LMICs. Finally, we quantified the effect of residual primary solid-fuel use for cooking on child health by doing a counterfactual risk assessment to estimate the proportion of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years that could be associated with household air pollution.Findings Although primary reliance on solid-fuel use for cooking has declined globally, it remains widespread. 593 million people live in districts where the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking exceeds 95%. 66% of people in LMICs live in districts that are not on track to meet the SDG target for universal access to clean energy by 2030. Household air pollution continues to be a major contributor to particulate exposure in LMICs, and rising ambient air pollution is undermining potential gains from reductions in the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking in many countries. We estimated that, in 2018, 205000 (95% uncertainty interval 147000-257000) children younger than 5 years died from lower respiratory tract infections that could be attributed to household air pollution.Interpretation Efforts to accelerate the adoption of clean cooking fuels need to be substantially increased and recalibrated to account for subnational inequalities, because there are substantial opportunities to improve air quality and avert child mortality associated with household air pollution. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe